Control Group (n = 180)

Case Group (n = 180)

p-value

OR

Yes n (%)

No n (%)

Malay Ethnic

Yes

102

(56.7)^a

33

(18.3)^c

0.801

0.91

No

30

(16.7)^b

15

(8.3)^d

Gravida 0

Yes

36

(20.0)

31

(17.2)

0.057

1.58

No

49

(27.2)

64

(35.6)

Para 0

Yes

44

(24.4)

34

(18.9)

0.101

1.47

No

50

(27.8)

52

(28.9)

Height ≤ 145 cm

Yes

0

(0.0)

4

(2.2)

1.000

1.25

No

5

(2.8)

171

(95.0)

Gestation Age < 37 Weeks

Yes

5

(2.8)

4

(2.2)

<0.001^*

21.75

No

87

(48.3)

84

(46.7)

History of LBW

Yes

2

(1.1)

11

(6.1)

0.001^*

3.00

No

33

(18.3)

134

(74.4)

Birth Interval < 2 Years

Yes

7

(3.9)

31

(17.2)

0.795

0.90

No

28

(15.6)

114

(63.3)

Hypertension

Yes

3

(1.7)

7

(3.9)

0.008^*

3.14

No

22

(12.2)

148

(82.2)

Diabetes

Yes

1

(0.6)

22

(12.2)

0.522

0.77

No

17

(9.4)

140

(77.8)

Non LSCS Delivery

Yes

110

(61.1)

64

(35.6)

<0.001^*

0.06

No

4

(2.2)

2

(1.1)